Running of the Bulls (Spain)

The Running of the Bulls (Encierro in Spanish) is a traditional event where people run in front of a group of bulls that are let loose on a closed-off course of streets.
It’s held every year during the San Fermín Festival in Pamplona, Spain, from July 6–14.

• Purpose: The bulls are run through the streets from the corral (pen) to the bullring, where they participate in bullfights later in the day.
• Known for its adrenaline rush, cultural significance, and global media attention.

When & Where

• Location: Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
• Dates: July 7 to July 14 (daily runs)
• Part of the larger San Fermín Festival, which begins on July 6 with the opening ceremony.

Historical Background

Origins of the Encierro

• The tradition dates back to the 14th century, when bulls were herded through the streets from pastures to bullfighting arenas.
• Butchers and cattlemen would guide them, and daring youths started running alongside for thrill.

Tied to San Fermín Festival

• The San Fermín Festival honors Saint Fermín, the co-patron of Navarra.
• Originally a religious festival, it evolved over centuries to include bullfights, music, dance, and the running of the bulls.
• The connection between bull runs and the festival was solidified by the 16th century.

Global Fame — Thanks to Ernest Hemingway

• Ernest Hemingway’s 1926 novel The Sun Also Rises featured the Pamplona bull runs, making them famous worldwide.
• Hemingway’s writings romanticized the event’s excitement and danger, attracting adventurous tourists.

How the Running of the Bulls Works

Daily Schedule

• Starts at 8:00 AM sharp each day from July 7 to 14.
• The route covers 875 meters (about half a mile) through Pamplona’s old town to the Plaza de Toros (bullring).
• The run lasts about 2–4 minutes, depending on the bulls.

The Encierro Route

Key locations on the route include:

• Cuesta de Santo Domingo — The starting point.
• Town Hall Square (Plaza del Ayuntamiento)
• Estafeta Street — The longest stretch, known for speed.
• Telefónica and Alley to the Bullring — The most dangerous spots.

The Bulls and Runners

• 6 fighting bulls and several steer (oxen) guide the herd.
• Participants (mozos) run ahead of the bulls, trying to stay upright and avoid being gored or trampled.
• The crowd includes locals, experienced runners, and international thrill-seekers.

Rules & Safety Measures

• No intoxicated runners allowed.
• Runners must be over 18 years old.
• Must run in the direction of the bulls — no taunting.
• Respect the instructions of the security teams.
• No cameras or recording devices during the run.

Risks and Injuries

• The event is dangerous, often resulting in:
  • Gorings
  • Trampling injuries
  • Occasional fatalities (16 deaths recorded since 1910)
• Medical teams are stationed along the route.

Cultural Significance

• Symbol of Courage & Tradition:
  Seen as a test of bravery and a way to honor Pamplona’s traditions.
• Part of Spanish Bullfighting Culture:
  The bulls are run to the arena for traditional corrida (bullfighting) events later in the day.
• Communal Festival Spirit:
  The San Fermín Festival includes parades, fireworks, religious processions, and cultural shows.

Controversies and Criticism

• Animal Rights Concerns:
  Animal rights activists criticize the event for its cruelty to bulls.
  • Protests are held annually in Pamplona by groups like PETA.
• Public Safety:
  The danger to runners raises ethical questions about promoting such risky behavior.

Running of the Bulls Outside Spain

• Inspired versions are held in:
  • Texas (USA)
  • Mexico
  • France

However, none match the scale, tradition, or authenticity of Pamplona’s event.

San Fermín Festival Highlights (Besides the Run)

• Chupinazo (Opening Ceremony):
  Held at noon on July 6 — a massive crowd gathering with fireworks.
• Parades of the Giants and Big Heads (Gigantes y Cabezudos):
  Traditional puppet parades through Pamplona’s streets.
• Daily Bullfights:
  Held each evening at the Pamplona Bullring.
• Fireworks, Music, and Street Parties:
  The entire city turns into a festival zone.

Dress Code and Customs

• Traditional attire:
  • White clothes
  • Red scarf (pañuelo rojo) — tied around the neck
  • Red sash (faja) around the waist
• The red symbolizes San Fermín’s martyrdom.

The Running of the Bulls in Pamplona is a unique blend of:

• Ancient tradition
• Religious homage
• Thrilling adventure
• Global spectacle

While it brings excitement, adrenaline, and festival spirit, it also faces criticism for ethical reasons.
Still, it remains a deeply rooted cultural event that captures the heart of Pamplona and attracts thousands each year.